What condition affects a pump when it is not fully primed with fluid?

Pump cavitation occurs when a pump is not fully primed with fluid, which can lead to a significant drop in performance and potential damage to the pump. When a pump isn't adequately filled with liquid, the pressure at the pump's inlet can swing below the vapor pressure of the fluid, resulting in vapor bubbles forming. These bubbles can collapse violently within the pump as the pressure rises again, creating shock waves that can erode and damage the pump components.

This condition can impede the pump's ability to move fluid efficiently and can lead to increased noise, vibration, and eventual failure if not addressed. Proper priming of the pump ensures that the fluid is available throughout the system, preventing these harmful conditions from occurring.